User management
To request security privileges of superuser (root):
$ sudo
/usr/local/etc/sudoers
To log in and run the current shell as root use:
user@computer:~$ sudo -i
root@computer:~# whoami
root
root@computer:~# exit
logout
user@computer:~$
.profile file
There is one global profile file (executed when anyone logs in):
/etc/profile
There are three user-specific bash profile files (executed when current/specific user logs in):
~/.profile
~/.bash_profile
~/.bashrc
If ~/.profile doesn't exist, just create it.
This is the comment at the beginning of ~/.profile:
# ~/.profile: executed by the command interpreter for login shells.
# This file is not read by bash(1), if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login
# exists.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files for examples.
# the files are located in the bash-doc package.
# the default umask is set in /etc/profile; for setting the umask
# for ssh logins, install and configure the libpam-umask package.
#umask 022
To add en environment variable during the session of a particular user (and also make them available in terminal) append the desired var name and its value to ~/,profile file. Example:
export GOROOT=/usr/local/go
export GOPATH=$HOME/go
export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$GOROOT/bin:$PATH
We'd need to restart the terminal in order to get these changes visible but to make terminal fetch them in the current session, we can update the current shell session with:
source ~/.profile
Permissions
Chmod permissions (flags) explained
To allow only file user to read and write (but not to execute):
$ chmod 600 filename
Working with directories
To list the content of the directory:
ls
To list all files (including hidden) in the current directory:
ls -a
$ ls target_directory
Example:
$ ls /usr/local/go/
To list directories and files in form of a tree install tree package:
$ sudo apt install tree
...and use it as e.g.:
$ tree -I *node*
-I = ignores directories that match given pattern
Working with files
Creating a file
To create a file use touch:
$ touch filename
Getting the information about a file
To see the last couple of lines in the file use command tail:
$ tail myfile
Copying files
cp - copy
File viewing and editing
To simply view the content of some file, use cat:$ cat filename
To edit some file, you can use vi editor. Example:
$ vi ~/.profile
sudo gedit ~/.profile
Symbolic links
ln$ sudo ln -s /usr/local/go/bin/go /usr/local/bin/go
Hard links
How to create hardlink of one file in different directories in linux
Working with Environment Variables
To list all environment variables and their values use:$ env
To set environment variables for the single command:
Example:
$ env GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build cmd/main.go
From the executable's point of view, the same would have been achieved without using env:
$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build cmd/main.go
$ export GOPATH=/mnt/c/dev/go
export is a bash builtin. export key=value is extended syntax and should not be used in portable scripts (i.e. #! /bin/sh)
What's the difference between set, export and env and when should I use each?
What is the difference between set, env, declare and export when setting a variable in a Linux shell?
Package management
apt (Advanced Packaging Tool) - It is not a command itself but a package which contains set of tools which manage installation and removal of other packages.
apt-get
apt-get update - downloads the package lists from the repositories and "updates" them to get information on the newest versions of packages and their dependencies. It will do this for all repositories and PPAs.
http://askubuntu.com/questions/222348/what-does-sudo-apt-get-update-do
apt-cche
add-apt-repository - adds a repository to the list of repositories
To apply latest security updates on Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade
Difference Between apt and apt-get Explained
Should I use apt or apt-get?
You might be thinking if you should use apt or apt-get. And as a regular Linux user, my answer is to go with apt.
apt is the command that is being recommended by the Linux distributions. It provides the necessary option to manage the packages. Most important of all, it is easier to use with its fewer but easy to remember options.
I see no reason to stick with apt-get unless you are going to do specific operations that utilize more features of apt-get.
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To download a file into some specific directory:
cd /dest_dir
wget https://example.com/archive_file.tar.gz
To install a package/software in Ubuntu, it is usually enough to copy it to /usr/local directory.
To move dir1 to some other location e.g. /usr/local use:
mv new_app /usr/local
$ sudo dpkg -i /path/to/deb/file
$ sudo apt-get install -f
The latter is necessary in order to fix broken packages (install eventual missing dependencies).
How to install a deb file, by dpkg -i or by apt?
To unpack the .tar.gz in the current directory use:
tar -xvf archive_file.tar.gz
-x = extract
-f (--file) = use archive file
-c (--verbose) = verbose output
-z (--gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip) = filter the archive through gzip
To unpack the .tar.gz in the specific output directory use:
tar zxvf archive_file.tar.gz output_directory
Or:
$ tar -C path/to/dest_dir -xzf archive_file.tar
-C (--directory) stands for "Change to directory"
Example:
$ tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.12.1.linux-amd64.tar
uname -m
x86_64 is the output in case of 64-bit system.
How to test password for private key?
If id_rsa and id_rsa.pub is a keypair, we can execute (after cd ~/.ssh/):
$ ssh-keygen -y -f id_rsa
...which will prompt us to enter the password. If correct, this will output the public key.
-y = This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout.
-f filename = Specifies the filename of the key file.
Another example:
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your_email@example.com"
-t = Specifies the type of key to create. The possible values are “dsa”, “ecdsa”, “ed25519”, or “rsa”.
-C comment = Provides a new comment.
$ xclip -sel clip < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
To move dir1 to some other location e.g. /usr/local use:
mv new_app /usr/local
Installing Software
How to install software distributed via .deb files?
$ sudo dpkg -i /path/to/deb/file
$ sudo apt-get install -f
The latter is necessary in order to fix broken packages (install eventual missing dependencies).
How to install a deb file, by dpkg -i or by apt?
Working with Archive files
To unpack the .tar.gz in the current directory use:
tar -xvf archive_file.tar.gz
-x = extract
-f (--file) = use archive file
-c (--verbose) = verbose output
-z (--gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip) = filter the archive through gzip
To unpack the .tar.gz in the specific output directory use:
tar zxvf archive_file.tar.gz output_directory
Or:
$ tar -C path/to/dest_dir -xzf archive_file.tar
-C (--directory) stands for "Change to directory"
Example:
$ tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.12.1.linux-amd64.tar
Hardware management
To verify if you're running a 64-bit system:uname -m
x86_64 is the output in case of 64-bit system.
SSH
How to test password for private key?
If id_rsa and id_rsa.pub is a keypair, we can execute (after cd ~/.ssh/):
$ ssh-keygen -y -f id_rsa
...which will prompt us to enter the password. If correct, this will output the public key.
-y = This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout.
-f filename = Specifies the filename of the key file.
Another example:
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your_email@example.com"
-t = Specifies the type of key to create. The possible values are “dsa”, “ecdsa”, “ed25519”, or “rsa”.
-C comment = Provides a new comment.
To copy the contents of the id_rsa.pub file to clipboard:
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