Unsupervised Machine Learning

Data is, by default, unlabeled. Labeling data is manual (or somewhat automated) process, thus timely and expensive. Unsupervised machine learning uses unlabeled data (raw, cheap, widely available) for model training. Nevertheless, this comes with the cost of unsupervised learning requiring higher volumes of data for the training if comparing to supervised learning.

Typical use cases for unsupervised ML:

• Clustering
• Anomaly Detection
• Dimensionality Reduction

Clustering

Unsupervised learning algorithms extract features and patterns from unlabeled data which can then be used to label and group together data points that share same or similar features. This is known as clustering and is one of typical problems solved by unsupervised learning.

image source: KDNuggets

Clustering algorithms:

• k-means clustering
• neural networks
• hypothesis function is a mapping from input space back into this input space
• the goal of an unsupervised learning loss function is to measure the difference between the hypothesis function and the input itself

Example: Image set clustering

Each cluster contains images which have the same object in them. Model does not know the name of that object, that it is e.g. bird. It only knows (learns) that objects in each cluster share the same/similar features. We might only need to set in advance the number of clusters we want to get.

In supervised learning, if we have a labeled dataset which contains images of birds, fish and mammals, our model will learn to identify if the image contains a bird, a fish or a mammal. In unsupervised learning, model will learn to distinguish and separate images that share same/similar features and it would group them in three clusters but it would not know that in one cluster are birds and in another fish for example, it would just know that there are three (or maybe even more) types of objects. 

image credits: Devin Pickell, g2.com

Example: Customer segmentation

Each cluster contains customers of some differentiable profile. This helps in e.g. targeted marketing.

image source: data-flair.training

Example: Spam detection

Unsupervised learning algorithm can analyze huge volumes of emails and uncover the features and patterns that indicate spam (and keep getting better at flagging spam over time).

Anomaly Detection

Another type of problems solved by unsupervised learning is anomaly detection. The goal here is to find abnormal data points. Model is trained to detect if data point has some unusual features.

Example: Fraud detection (Anomaly Detection)

Fraudulent transactions tend to involve larger sums of money. Fraud only occurs with transfers and cash-out transactions.

image credit: Shirin Elsinghorst, codecentric.de

Class 0 is normal transaction. Class 1 is fraudulent transaction.

Dimensionality Reduction

Data dimensionality refers to feature space. Each data point can be defined as a vector in N-dimensional space where N is number of features. Some features are more and some less important, in a way how much do they contribute in differentiating data points. The more features, the more complex model is, the more time and storage is required for its training and inference. The idea here is to reduce number of features without losing the semantic meaning of the data. E.g. bird can still be distinguished from other animals by recognising that it has features like beak, wings and a tail but eye color or feather color pattern is not important.

Some dimensionality reduction techniques:

• Independent Components Analysis (ICA)
• Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

Sometimes, before applying k-means clustering, a dimensionality reduction is applied on data.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Transforms data from d-dimensional to p-dimensional feature space where p < d. It first finds the dimension of the highest variance (e.g. direction where the data is most spread out) - principal component. Data points are then projected onto this dimension. Small amount of information gets lost but overall data integrity is not changed.

PCA is based on reducing correlation (linear dependence) between features. If two features are linearly dependent, we can derive value of one feature if value of the another one is known. PCA removes this redundancy by projecting a set of linearly dependent features into a smaller set of new, uncorrelated features. 

Original data points are in 2-dimensional feature space. Features are denoted as x and y.
 

PCA finds the direction along which values have the highest variance. It is a red diagonal in our case.

Data points are projected onto component which carries the highest variance. That principal component becomes a newly derived feature. The next principal component (pc2) which carries the most variance is the one defined by the line perpendicular to the direction of pc1.

As pc2 exhibits low variance, this component does not carry much information (that helps differentiating data points). It can be ignored (small amount of information is lost) thus reducing the feature space to a single dimension.

image credits: V. Powell, setosa.io

Example: Solution to “Cocktail Party” problem

Dimension Reduction via Independent Components Analysis (ICA) is used to extract independent sources of audio signal from a recording which contains mixed signals.

image source: 2014, J. Shlens: "A Tutorial on Independent Component Analysis"

References

Unsupervised learning - Wikipedia

Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning – What's the Difference?

Data Science Project - Customer Segmentation using Machine Learning in R - DataFlair

Data Science for Fraud Detection - codecentric AG Blog

[PDF] A Tutorial on Independent Component Analysis | Semantic Scholar

Unsupervised learning

Commonly Used Machine Learning Algorithms | Data Science

Unsupervised Learning Definition | DeepAI

(203) Can deep convolutional neural network be trained via unsupervised learning? - Quora

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)— Part 1 — Fundamentals and Applications | by Nitish Kumar Thakur | Analytics Vidhya | Medium

Principal Component Analysis explained visually

(206) What is principal component analysis and how many variables can be used for PCA? - Quora

Introduction to Principal Component Analysis(PCA) - AI ASPIRANT

Installing Python3 on Mac Big Sur

Mac comes with Python 2 by default and I wanted to install and use Python 3. I installed it by using brew: 

% brew install python3

Running `brew update --preinstall`...

==> Auto-updated Homebrew!

Updated 2 taps (homebrew/core and homebrew/cask).

==> New Formulae

abi-compliance-checker     gotify                     pam-reattach

abi-dumper                 hurl                       payload-dumper-go

biber                      imap-backup                pip-audit

brigade-cli                isa-l                      pocsuite3

chroma                     jsonschema                 rpki-client

coursier                   kubernetes-cli@1.22        salt-lint

djhtml                     lua-language-server        sevenzip

dynomite                   mcfly                      statix

fastp                      mist                       tsduck

goawk                      openliberty-jakartaee9     vtable-dumper

goplus                     openliberty-webprofile9

==> Updated Formulae

Updated 1431 formulae.

==> Deleted Formulae

ape             es              jerasure        makepp          swiftplate

balance         eventlog        kakasi          marst           torrentcheck

bbcolors        flasm           l-smash         mboxgrep        udns

colorsvn        fondu           libbind         md              whitedb

contacts        gconf           liberasurecode  namazu          xidel

csv-fix         gcore           libmill         postmark        xtail

dlite           gf-complete     libopendkim     redsocks        zdelta

dnsrend         git-hooks       libpuzzle       sdhash

drip            git-sh          libvbucket      shorten

dshb            henplus         m2c             srmio

eject           httptunnel      magnetix        svdlibc

==> New Casks

appflowy            finalshell          projector           teamspeak-client

appium-inspector    folder-colorizer    schildichat         tidgi

centered            grammarly-desktop   sitala              volley

citrix-workspace    handyprintpro       soundtoys           wolai

cron                linearmouse         spaceid             xstation5

emmetapp            ludwig              supermjograph

equinox             macrorecorder       tablecruncher

==> Updated Casks

Updated 648 casks.

==> Deleted Casks

air-connect                              lelivrescolairefr

aja-system-test                          napari

anka-build-cloud-registry                octoscreen

asc-timetables                           platelet

avast-secureline-vpn                     pullover

chameleon-ssd-optimizer                  punto-switcher

chocolat                                 qit

domainbrain                              river-sparkle

drama                                    scrutiny

everweb                                  tmnotifier

freeter                                  unity-linux-support-for-editor

gitbook                                  unity-lumin-support-for-editor

inboard                                  visicut

python@3.9 3.9.6 is already installed but outdated (so it will be upgraded).

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==> Upgrading python3

  3.9.6 -> 3.9.9 

==> Installing dependencies for python@3.9: gdbm, ca-certificates, openssl@1.1, readline and sqlite

==> Installing python@3.9 dependency: gdbm

==> Pouring gdbm--1.22.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/gdbm/1.22: 24 files, 957.9KB

==> Installing python@3.9 dependency: ca-certificates

==> Pouring ca-certificates--2021-10-26.all.bottle.tar.gz

==> Regenerating CA certificate bundle from keychain, this may take a while...

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/ca-certificates/2021-10-26: 3 files, 208.5KB

==> Installing python@3.9 dependency: openssl@1.1

==> Pouring openssl@1.1--1.1.1m.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/openssl@1.1/1.1.1m: 8,081 files, 18.5MB

==> Installing python@3.9 dependency: readline

==> Pouring readline--8.1.1.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/readline/8.1.1: 48 files, 1.6MB

==> Installing python@3.9 dependency: sqlite

==> Pouring sqlite--3.37.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/sqlite/3.37.0: 11 files, 4.3MB

==> Installing python@3.9

==> Pouring python@3.9--3.9.9.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

==> /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.9/bin/python3 -m ensurepip

==> /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.9/bin/python3 -m pip install -v --no-deps -

==> Caveats

Python has been installed as

  /usr/local/bin/python3

Unversioned symlinks `python`, `python-config`, `pip` etc. pointing to

`python3`, `python3-config`, `pip3` etc., respectively, have been installed into

  /usr/local/opt/python@3.9/libexec/bin

You can install Python packages with

  pip3 install <package>

They will install into the site-package directory

  /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages

tkinter is no longer included with this formula, but it is available separately:

  brew install python-tk@3.9

See: https://docs.brew.sh/Homebrew-and-Python

==> Summary

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.9: 3,080 files, 55.0MB

==> `brew cleanup` has not been run in the last 30 days, running now...

Disable this behaviour by setting HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP.

Hide these hints with HOMEBREW_NO_ENV_HINTS (see `man brew`).

Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/gdbm/1.20... (24 files, 825.0KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/gdbm--1.20... (221KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/mpdecimal--2.5.1... (548.3KB)

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Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/openssl@1.1--1.1.1k... (5.4MB)

Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.6... (3,085 files, 54.7MB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/python@3.9--3.9.6... (13.6MB)

Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/readline/8.1... (48 files, 1.6MB)

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Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/sqlite--3.36.0... (2MB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/xz--5.2.5... (417.6KB)

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Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/xz_bottle_manifest--5.2.5... (5.7KB)

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Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/sqlite_bottle_manifest--3.36.0... (5.9KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/openssl@1.1_bottle_manifest--1.1.1k... (6KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/python@3.9_bottle_manifest--3.9.6... (15.4KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/readline_bottle_manifest--8.1... (5.5KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/you-get_bottle_manifest--0.4.1536... (11.2KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/gdbm_bottle_manifest--1.20... (5.2KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Caches/Homebrew/mpdecimal_bottle_manifest--2.5.1... (5.2KB)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/gdbm... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/mpdecimal... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/rtmpdump... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/readline... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/sqlite... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/xz... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/openssl@1.1... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/you-get... (64B)

Removing: /Users/bojan/Library/Logs/Homebrew/python@3.9... (2 files, 2.4KB)

Pruned 0 symbolic links and 2 directories from /usr/local

==> Upgrading 1 dependent:

Disable this behaviour by setting HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK.

Hide these hints with HOMEBREW_NO_ENV_HINTS (see `man brew`).

you-get 0.4.1536 -> 0.4.1555

==> Downloading https://ghcr.io/v2/homebrew/core/python/3.10/manifests/3.10.1

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==> Downloading from https://pkg-containers.githubusercontent.com/ghcr1/blobs/sh

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==> Upgrading you-get

  0.4.1536 -> 0.4.1555 

==> Installing dependencies for you-get: python@3.10

==> Installing you-get dependency: python@3.10

==> Pouring python@3.10--3.10.1.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

==> /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.10/3.10.1/bin/python3 -m ensurepip

==> /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.10/3.10.1/bin/python3 -m pip install -v --no-deps

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.10/3.10.1: 3,132 files, 56MB

==> Installing you-get

==> Pouring you-get--0.4.1555.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz

==> Caveats

To use post-processing options, run `brew install ffmpeg` or `brew install libav`.

==> Summary

🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/you-get/0.4.1555: 736 files, 8.5MB

==> Running `brew cleanup you-get`...

Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/you-get/0.4.1536... (845 files, 8.6MB)

==> Checking for dependents of upgraded formulae...

==> No broken dependents found!

==> Caveats

==> python@3.9

Python has been installed as

  /usr/local/bin/python3

Unversioned symlinks `python`, `python-config`, `pip` etc. pointing to

`python3`, `python3-config`, `pip3` etc., respectively, have been installed into

  /usr/local/opt/python@3.9/libexec/bin

You can install Python packages with

  pip3 install <package>

They will install into the site-package directory

  /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages

tkinter is no longer included with this formula, but it is available separately:

  brew install python-tk@3.9

See: https://docs.brew.sh/Homebrew-and-Python

==> you-get

To use post-processing options, run `brew install ffmpeg` or `brew install libav`.

% 

If zsh configuration file does not exist, create it and open it:

% touch ~/.zshrc

% vi ~/.zshrc

Type in it:

export PATH=/usr/local/opt/python@3.9/libexec/bin:$PATH

Restart the terminal.

% which python

/usr/local/opt/python@3.9/libexec/bin/python

% python --version

Python 3.9.9

If using VSCode, restart it and it will also pick up this version of Python in its Terminal.

Installing Go on Mac Big Sur

 I followed instructions listed here. I downloaded go1.17.3.darwin-amd64.pkg and run it.

Upon installation I checked that Go bin path is indeed added to $PATH and also that go command works fine:

~ % echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/go/bin

~ % go version
go version go1.17.3 darwin/amd64

How to copy files from Ubuntu to Mac

If remote login is not enabled on Mac, SSH connection will fail:

~/Videos$ scp -r MyDir/ user@192.168.0.30:/Users/user/Movies

ssh: connect to host 192.168.0.30 port 22: Connection refused

lost connection

We need to enable remote login on Mac (System Preferences >>  Sharing):

~/Videos$ scp -r MyDir/ user@192.168.0.30:/Users/user/Movies

The authenticity of host '192.168.0.30 (192.168.0.30)' can't be established.

ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:fvlF0KH/l1N/fHmg4etTM/OR9DJYl1mnzD2iD43R+j5.

Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes

Warning: Permanently added '192.168.0.30' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.

Password:

file1.m4v         100%  137MB   1.6MB/s   01:28    

file2.m4v         100%  151MB   1.5MB/s   01:40    

Files are copied to /Users/user/Movies/MyDir/.

Using Meld for a 3-way merge

meld is available on Ubuntu via standard package manager:

 

$ sudo apt-get update && $ sudo apt-get install meld

There is a conflict in file test.txt on branch feature which we want to merge to dev.

$ git checkout dev

 

$ git merge feature
Auto-merging test.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in test.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

 

$ git config merge.tool meld

 

$ git mergetool
Merging:
test.txt

Normal merge conflict for 'test.txt':
  {local}: modified file
  {remote}: modified file
test.txt seems unchanged.
Was the merge successful [y/n]? n
merge of test.txt failed

 

$ git status
On branch dev
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/dev'.

You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

...

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
    both modified:   test.txt

...

 

How to link Google Colab with GitHub

Create a GitHub repository in which you want to keep Colaboratory notebooks.

Go to https://colab.research.google.com/github/ and add your GitHub account.

GitHub website window will open asking you to accept Colab's access to your GitHub account.

Once accepted that window will close and back in https://colab.research.google.com/github/ a popup window above will contain a list of all repositories in connected GitHub account. Select the one you created. As it's currently empty, there are no notebooks in there, it will show "No results".

If you create a notebook in Colab (https://colab.research.google.com/) and want to add it to that GitHub repo, go to Colab's tab in the browser, File >> Save a copy in GitHub. 

After this, this notebook will appear in the list of notebooks available to be loaded into Colab:

PostgreSQL on Ubuntu

Here are some my notes on PostgreSQL on Ubuntu.

To check the PostgreSQL version running:

$ postgres -V

Command 'postgres' not found, did you mean:

  command 'postgrey' from deb postgrey (1.36-5.1)

Try: sudo apt install <deb name>

Let's try to locate binaries:

$ locate bin/postgres

/usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/postgres

/usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/postgres

From the ouput above we can see that I have two versions of PostgreSQL installed on my system: 10 and 12. Let's find their full version numbers:

$ /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/postgres -V

postgres (PostgreSQL) 10.14 (Ubuntu 10.14-0ubuntu0.18.04.1)

$ /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/postgres -V

postgres (PostgreSQL) 12.6 (Ubuntu 12.6-0ubuntu0.20.04.1)

PostgreSQL Service

To check if postgres is listening on ports:

$ sudo netstat -ltnp | grep postgres

tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5432      0.0.0.0:*      LISTEN      1448/postgres     

tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5433      0.0.0.0:*      LISTEN      1456/postgres       

Let's see paths to these processes:

$ sudo pwdx 1448

1448: /var/lib/postgresql/12/main

$ sudo pwdx 1456

1456: /var/lib/postgresql/10/main

So it turned out that both versions of Postgres are currently running in parallel on my system. 

To check the current state of the service:

$ systemctl status postgresql

  postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS

     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

     Active: active (exited) since Sun 2021-04-18 21:13:14 BST; 18h ago

   Main PID: 1843 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

      Tasks: 0 (limit: 38289)

     Memory: 0B

     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql.service

Apr 18 21:13:14 my_computer systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL RDBMS...

Apr 18 21:13:14 my_computer systemd[1]: Finished PostgreSQL RDBMS.

To start/stop the service:

$ systemctl start postgresql

$ systemctl stop postgresql

By default (upon installation) postgresql service is configured to start automatically upon computer launch:

$ cat /etc/postgresql/10/main/start.conf

# Automatic startup configuration

#   auto: automatically start the cluster

#   manual: manual startup with pg_ctlcluster/postgresql@.service only

#   disabled: refuse to start cluster

# See pg_createcluster(1) for details. When running from systemd,

# invoke 'systemctl daemon-reload' after editing this file.

auto

The same output is for postgres v12.

To prevent service from starting upon computer reboot:

$ sudo vi /etc/postgresql/10/main/start.conf

...and replace auto with manual.

linux - Stopping postgresql from starting on ubuntu startup - Stack Overflow

upstart - How to enable or disable services? - Ask Ubuntu

psql

To get psql prompt if DB is running locally:

$ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U root -d test-db
Password for user root: 
psql (10.6 (Ubuntu 10.6-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), server 11.2 (Debian 11.2-1.pgdg90+1))
WARNING: psql major version 10, server major version 11.
         Some psql features might not work.
Type "help" for help.

Now we can list all tables:

test-db=# \dt
Did not find any relations.

To quit:

test-db-# \q

TBC...

How to rip DVD disc on Ubuntu

 I used HandBrake application and it was incredibly easy and fast.

To install it, we need to add developer's package repository first:

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:stebbins/handbrake-releases

$ sudo apt-get update

HandBrake installation:

$ sudo apt-get install handbrake-cli handbrake-gtk

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree       

Reading state information... Done

handbrake-gtk is already the newest version (1:1.3.3.1-zhb-1ppa1~focal1).

The following NEW packages will be installed

  handbrake-cli

0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 35 not to upgrade.

Need to get 8,623 kB of archives.

After this operation, 40.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/stebbins/handbrake-releases/ubuntu focal/main amd64 handbrake-cli amd64 1:1.3.3.1-zhb-1ppa1~focal1 [8,623 kB]

Fetched 8,623 kB in 3s (3,041 kB/s)        

Selecting previously unselected package handbrake-cli.

(Reading database ... 351992 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../handbrake-cli_1%3a1.3.3.1-zhb-1ppa1~focal1_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking handbrake-cli (1:1.3.3.1-zhb-1ppa1~focal1) ...

Setting up handbrake-cli (1:1.3.3.1-zhb-1ppa1~focal1) ...

After this, the application is installed and we can run it by clicking on its exotically looking icon:

This is the main window of the application:

To rip the DVD disc we need to click on Open Source icon and select the DVD drive. Once this is done, HandBrake automatically reads all video sections (titles) from the DVD (these are videos that we can choose from the main menu that is displayed when we play DVD):

All we have to do now is to select a title and press Start. This will rip selected title into a new m4v (mp4) video file on your local disk. This has to be repeated for each title. Job done!

How to play DVD disc on Ubuntu

Here is what I needed to do on my PC in order to play a DVD disc. 

I am running the Ubuntu 20.04:

$ sudo lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.

Distributor ID: Ubuntu

Description: Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS

Release: 20.04

Codename: focal

I chose to use VLC media player.

VLC installation:

$ sudo apt install vlc

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree       

Reading state information... Done

The following additional packages will be installed:

  liba52-0.7.4 libaribb24-0 libbasicusageenvironment1 libcddb2 libdca0 libdvbpsi10 libdvdnav4 libdvdread7 libebml4v5 libfaad2 libgroupsock8 libixml10 libkate1 liblivemedia77 libmad0

  libmatroska6v5 libmpcdec6 libmpeg2-4 libopenmpt-modplug1 libplacebo7 libproxy-tools libresid-builder0c2a libsdl-image1.2 libsidplay2 libspatialaudio0 libsrt1 libssh2-1 libupnp13

  libusageenvironment3 libva-wayland2 libvlc-bin libvlc5 libvlccore9 vlc-bin vlc-data vlc-l10n vlc-plugin-base vlc-plugin-notify vlc-plugin-qt vlc-plugin-samba vlc-plugin-skins2

  vlc-plugin-video-output vlc-plugin-video-splitter vlc-plugin-visualization

Suggested packages:

  libdvdcss2

The following NEW packages will be installed

  liba52-0.7.4 libaribb24-0 libbasicusageenvironment1 libcddb2 libdca0 libdvbpsi10 libdvdnav4 libdvdread7 libebml4v5 libfaad2 libgroupsock8 libixml10 libkate1 liblivemedia77 libmad0

  libmatroska6v5 libmpcdec6 libmpeg2-4 libopenmpt-modplug1 libplacebo7 libproxy-tools libresid-builder0c2a libsdl-image1.2 libsidplay2 libspatialaudio0 libsrt1 libssh2-1 libupnp13

  libusageenvironment3 libva-wayland2 libvlc-bin libvlc5 libvlccore9 vlc vlc-bin vlc-data vlc-l10n vlc-plugin-base vlc-plugin-notify vlc-plugin-qt vlc-plugin-samba vlc-plugin-skins2

  vlc-plugin-video-output vlc-plugin-video-splitter vlc-plugin-visualization

0 to upgrade, 45 to newly install, 0 to remove and 18 not to upgrade.

Need to get 13.7 MB of archives.

After this operation, 71.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Get:1 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 liba52-0.7.4 amd64 0.7.4-20 [30.5 kB]

Get:2 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libaribb24-0 amd64 1.0.3-2 [26.9 kB]

Get:3 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libusageenvironment3 amd64 2020.01.19-1build1 [6,960 B]

Get:4 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libbasicusageenvironment1 amd64 2020.01.19-1build1 [15.2 kB]

Get:5 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libcddb2 amd64 1.3.2-6fakesync1 [34.3 kB]

Get:6 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libdvbpsi10 amd64 1.3.3-1 [47.1 kB]

Get:7 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libdvdread7 amd64 6.1.0+really6.0.2-1 [49.9 kB]

Get:8 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libdvdnav4 amd64 6.0.1-1build1 [39.0 kB]

Get:9 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libebml4v5 amd64 1.3.10-1build1 [49.1 kB]

Get:10 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libfaad2 amd64 2.9.1-1 [154 kB]

Get:11 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libgroupsock8 amd64 2020.01.19-1build1 [20.7 kB]

Get:12 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libixml10 amd64 1:1.8.4-2ubuntu2 [23.6 kB]

Get:13 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libkate1 amd64 0.4.1-11build1 [39.4 kB]

Get:14 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 liblivemedia77 amd64 2020.01.19-1build1 [318 kB]

Get:15 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmad0 amd64 0.15.1b-10ubuntu1 [63.1 kB]

Get:16 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmatroska6v5 amd64 1.5.2-3build1 [124 kB]

Get:17 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmpcdec6 amd64 2:0.1~r495-2 [32.4 kB]

Get:18 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmpeg2-4 amd64 0.5.1-9 [50.7 kB]

Get:19 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libopenmpt-modplug1 amd64 0.4.11-1build1 [20.0 kB]

Get:20 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libplacebo7 amd64 1.7.0-2 [721 kB]

Get:21 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 libproxy-tools amd64 0.4.15-10ubuntu1.2 [5,440 B]

Get:22 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libresid-builder0c2a amd64 2.1.1-15ubuntu2 [31.3 kB]

Get:23 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libsdl-image1.2 amd64 1.2.12-12 [30.0 kB]

Get:24 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libsidplay2 amd64 2.1.1-15ubuntu2 [89.2 kB]

Get:25 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libspatialaudio0 amd64 0.3.0+git20180730+dfsg1-2build1 [32.9 kB]

Get:26 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libsrt1 amd64 1.4.0-1build1 [236 kB]

Get:27 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libssh2-1 amd64 1.8.0-2.1build1 [75.4 kB]

Get:28 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libupnp13 amd64 1:1.8.4-2ubuntu2 [87.9 kB]

Get:29 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libva-wayland2 amd64 2.7.0-2 [8,924 B]

Get:30 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libvlccore9 amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [428 kB]

Get:31 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libvlc5 amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [65.8 kB]

Get:32 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libvlc-bin amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [17.1 kB]

Get:33 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-bin amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [54.2 kB]

Get:34 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-data all 3.0.9.2-1 [339 kB]

Get:35 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libdca0 amd64 0.0.6-1 [91.0 kB]

Get:36 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-base amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [2,854 kB]

Get:37 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-qt amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [1,054 kB]

Get:38 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-video-output amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [160 kB]

Get:39 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [34.0 kB]

Get:40 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-l10n all 3.0.9.2-1 [5,584 kB]

Get:41 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-notify amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [18.2 kB]

Get:42 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-samba amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [18.8 kB]

Get:43 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-skins2 amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [471 kB]

Get:44 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-video-splitter amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [32.4 kB]

Get:45 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 vlc-plugin-visualization amd64 3.0.9.2-1 [36.2 kB]

Fetched 13.7 MB in 4s (3,493 kB/s)                    

Extract templates from packages: 100%

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Setting up libsdl-image1.2:amd64 (1.2.12-12) ...

Setting up libkate1:amd64 (0.4.1-11build1) ...

Setting up libdvbpsi10:amd64 (1.3.3-1) ...

Setting up libebml4v5:amd64 (1.3.10-1build1) ...

Setting up libdvdread7:amd64 (6.1.0+really6.0.2-1) ...

Setting up libspatialaudio0:amd64 (0.3.0+git20180730+dfsg1-2build1) ...

Setting up vlc-l10n (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libmpeg2-4:amd64 (0.5.1-9) ...

Setting up libaribb24-0:amd64 (1.0.3-2) ...

Setting up libusageenvironment3:amd64 (2020.01.19-1build1) ...

Setting up libmpcdec6:amd64 (2:0.1~r495-2) ...

Setting up libcddb2 (1.3.2-6fakesync1) ...

Setting up liba52-0.7.4:amd64 (0.7.4-20) ...

Setting up libmatroska6v5:amd64 (1.5.2-3build1) ...

Setting up libixml10:amd64 (1:1.8.4-2ubuntu2) ...

Setting up libresid-builder0c2a (2.1.1-15ubuntu2) ...

Setting up libfaad2:amd64 (2.9.1-1) ...

Setting up libbasicusageenvironment1:amd64 (2020.01.19-1build1) ...

Setting up libvlccore9:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libsidplay2 (2.1.1-15ubuntu2) ...

Setting up libva-wayland2:amd64 (2.7.0-2) ...

Setting up libmad0:amd64 (0.15.1b-10ubuntu1) ...

Setting up libsrt1:amd64 (1.4.0-1build1) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-qt:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libdca0:amd64 (0.0.6-1) ...

Setting up libssh2-1:amd64 (1.8.0-2.1build1) ...

Setting up libopenmpt-modplug1:amd64 (0.4.11-1build1) ...

Setting up vlc-data (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libplacebo7:amd64 (1.7.0-2) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-notify:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libdvdnav4:amd64 (6.0.1-1build1) ...

Setting up libproxy-tools (0.4.15-10ubuntu1.2) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-video-output:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-samba:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libgroupsock8:amd64 (2020.01.19-1build1) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-skins2:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-video-splitter:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libvlc5:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libupnp13:amd64 (1:1.8.4-2ubuntu2) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-visualization:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up libvlc-bin:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up liblivemedia77:amd64 (2020.01.19-1build1) ...

Setting up vlc-bin (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up vlc-plugin-base:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Setting up vlc (3.0.9.2-1) ...

Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.24-1ubuntu3) ...

Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...

Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...

Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu1) ...

Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ...

/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/local/cuda-8.0/targets/x86_64-linux/lib/libcudnn.so.5 is not a symbolic link

Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...

Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3+18.04.20180207.2-0ubuntu2) ...

Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...

Processing triggers for libvlc-bin:amd64 (3.0.9.2-1) ...

It was necessary to install several packages. 

 

libdvd-pkg package provides libraries that are needed for playing video DVDs with a media player (such as VLC, SMplayer, Totem, etc.). 

 

libdvdnav4 is a DVD navigation library, which provides an interface to the advanced features of DVDs, like menus and navigation. It contains the VM and other parts useful for writing DVD players.

 

libdvdread7 is a package for reading DVDs.

$ sudo apt install libdvd-pkg libdvdnav4 libdvdread7 

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree       

Reading state information... Done

libdvdnav4 is already the newest version (6.0.1-1build1).

libdvdnav4 set to manually installed.

libdvdread7 is already the newest version (6.1.0+really6.0.2-1).

libdvdread7 set to manually installed.

The following NEW packages will be installed

  libdvd-pkg

0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 18 not to upgrade.

Need to get 14.9 kB of archives.

After this operation, 80.9 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Get:1 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 libdvd-pkg all 1.4.2-1-1 [14.9 kB]

Fetched 14.9 kB in 0s (212 kB/s)    

Preconfiguring packages ...

Selecting previously unselected package libdvd-pkg.

(Reading database ... 351510 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../libdvd-pkg_1.4.2-1-1_all.deb ...

Unpacking libdvd-pkg (1.4.2-1-1) ...

Setting up libdvd-pkg (1.4.2-1-1) ...

libdvd-pkg: dpkg database is locked. You may need to use command "sudo dpkg-reco

nfigure libdvd-pkg".

libdvd-pkg: Building and installation of package(s) [libdvdcss2 libdvdcss-dev] p

ostponed till after next APT operation.

$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure libdvd-pkg

libdvd-pkg: Downloading orig source...

I: libdvdcss_1.4.2

/usr/bin/wget --tries=3 --timeout=40 --read-timeout=40 --continue -O libdvdcss_1.4.2.orig.tar.bz2 \

          http://download.videolan.org/pub/libdvdcss/1.4.2/libdvdcss-1.4.2.tar.bz2 \

        || /usr/bin/uscan --noconf --verbose --rename --destdir=/usr/src/libdvd-pkg --check-dirname-level=0 --force-download --download-current-version /usr/share/libdvd-pkg/debian

--2021-03-17 08:02:21--  http://download.videolan.org/pub/libdvdcss/1.4.2/libdvdcss-1.4.2.tar.bz2

Resolving download.videolan.org (download.videolan.org)... 2a01:e0d:1:3:58bf:fa02:c0de:5, 213.36.253.2

Connecting to download.videolan.org (download.videolan.org)|2a01:e0d:1:3:58bf:fa02:c0de:5|:80... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK

Length: 366824 (358K) [application/octet-stream]

Saving to: ‘libdvdcss_1.4.2.orig.tar.bz2’

libdvdcss_1.4.2.orig.tar 100%[=================================>] 358.23K  2.27MB/s    in 0.2s    

2021-03-17 08:02:22 (2.27 MB/s) - ‘libdvdcss_1.4.2.orig.tar.bz2’ saved [366824/366824]

libdvd-pkg: Checking orig.tar integrity...

/usr/src/libdvd-pkg/libdvdcss_1.4.2.orig.tar.bz2: OK

libdvd-pkg: Unpacking and configuring...

libdvd-pkg: Building the package... (it may take a while)

libdvd-pkg: Build log will be saved to /usr/src/libdvd-pkg/libdvdcss2_1.4.2-1~local_amd64.build

Current: =ep

Bounding set =cap_chown,cap_dac_override,cap_fowner,cap_wake_alarm,cap_block_suspend,cap_audit_read

Ambient set =

Securebits: 024/0x14/5'b10100

 secure-noroot: no (unlocked)

 secure-no-suid-fixup: yes (unlocked)

 secure-keep-caps: yes (unlocked)

 secure-no-ambient-raise: no (unlocked)

uid=0(root) euid=0(root)

gid=0(root)

groups=0(root)

Guessed mode: UNCERTAIN (0)

libdvd-pkg: Installing...

Selecting previously unselected package libdvdcss-dev:amd64.

(Reading database ... 351541 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../libdvdcss-dev_1.4.2-1~local_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking libdvdcss-dev:amd64 (1.4.2-1~local) ...

Selecting previously unselected package libdvdcss2:amd64.

Preparing to unpack .../libdvdcss2_1.4.2-1~local_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking libdvdcss2:amd64 (1.4.2-1~local) ...

Setting up libdvdcss2:amd64 (1.4.2-1~local) ...

Setting up libdvdcss-dev:amd64 (1.4.2-1~local) ...

Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ...

/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/local/cuda-8.0/targets/x86_64-linux/lib/libcudnn.so.5 is not a symbolic link

Upon installing dependencies, I was able to open and play DVD disc:

References:

How do I enable restricted codecs to play DVDs?